|
Aboriginal child protection describes services designed specifically for protection of the children of "aboriginal" or indigenous peoples, particularly where these peoples are a minority within a country. They may differ at international, national, legal, cultural, social, professional and program levels from general or mainstream child protection services. Fundamental human rights are a source of many of the differences. Aboriginal child protection may be an integral or a distinct aspect of mainstream services or it may be exercised formally or informally by an aboriginal people itself. There has been controversy about systemic genocide in child protection systems enforced with aboriginal children in post-colonial societies. == International == "In the second half of the twentieth century, removing children from their parents in order to change a people and a culture came to be recognized as an act of oppression, formally considered by the United Nations to be a form of genocide."〔Andrew Armitage, ''Comparing the Policy of Aboriginal Assimilation: Australia, Canada and New Zealand'', UBC Press, Vancouver (1995), p. 6.〕 Many distinct aspects of aboriginal child protection are thus related to international human rights law〔Domestic laws of nation-states may incorporate international norms; see next section.〕 including the 1951 ''Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide'',〔Article 2 provides: "In the present Convention, genocide means any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: … (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group." http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm, accessed 19 August 2008.〕 the 1976 ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'',〔http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_ccpr.htm, accessed 21 August 2008.〕 the 1986 ''Declaration on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally''〔http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/27.htm, accessed 21 August 2008.〕 the 1989 ''United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child'',〔http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm, accessed 21 August 2008.〕 and the 2007 ''United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples''〔http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement, accessed 19 August 2008.〕 The latter Declaration provides: "Indigenous peoples have the collective right to live in freedom, peace and security as distinct peoples and shall not be subjected to any act of genocide or any other act of violence, including forcibly removing children of the group to another group."〔Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Article 7(2), http://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N06/512/07/PDF/N0651207.pdf?OpenElement, accessed 19 August 2008.〕 It is non-binding but may be persuasive even for those states that voted against it.〔Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States; see http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/ga10612.doc.htm, accessed 19 August 2008.〕 Within countries, the expression of aboriginal child protection may be seen to be entangled with issues relating to the right of self-determination of indigenous peoples.〔''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'', Art. 1: "All peoples have the right of self-determination. By virtue of that right they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development." In Canada, this right may be constitutionally recognized, see: ''Reference re Secession of Quebec'', () 2 S.C.R. 217, http://csc.lexum.umontreal.ca/en/1998/1998rcs2-217/1998rcs2-217.html, accessed 21 August 2008.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「aboriginal child protection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|